western political thought notes for upsc
Plato advanced Parmenides theory that both experience and forms are real. The Republic in Greek means justice, and should not be used or understood in this Latin sense meaning the states or the polity. Free courses. Next Post Next Insights Daily Debates, Day – 246: For poor, inflation is the big worry, not GDP number. Plato developed such dissimilar areas of philosophy as epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics. Fear of getting the vaccines. 17. Because he was a close follower of the teachings of Socrates, the majority of his ideas about the system of justice and his perception of how the system operates in society, directly represent those of Socrates. He has been acclaimed for his denunciation of materialism and insensitive selfishness. 2] Books for PSIR 1B: Indian Government & Politics. Western Political Thought: Plato Political thought is the study of questions about power, justice, rights, law, and other issues pertaining to governance. MENTAL AND PHYSICAL STRENGTH HOW IMPORTANT IS IT FOR SUCCESS. All Concepts Are Covered In PSIR Optional Notes. The Republic: Among the major works of Plato in political philosophy, The Republic was collection of Plato's ideas in the field of ethics, metaphysics, philosophy and politics. These PSIR Notes Are Useful For Students Who Can Not Join Expensive Coaching And Who Are Doing Self Self Preparation , Because These Notes Will Guide You , … As political theory's essential aim is to solve real-life problems, it must "create a common rule in a context of differences," instead of abolishing social diversity. Aristotle (b. 1) Modern … Plato also contributed to develop political theory by describing, generalizing, and systematizing psychological and sociopolitical issues. He theorised the disorders and crises of the actual world and presented to his readers a revelation of a desirable political order, which has fascinated his fans and detractors today also. For Plato, justice is a moral notion. Plato was the founder of Western political philosophy, with his Republic, and Laws among other dialogues, providing some of the initial extant treatments of political questions from a philosophical perspective. He was not the first thinker or writer to whom the word "philosopher" was applied. In such a society, the rulers are intelligent, the soldiers are brave, and the producers exercise self- control or temperance. Western Political Thought: Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, John S. Mill, Marx, Gramsci, Hannah Arendt. Previous Post Previous Insights Daily Current Events, 18 July 2016. Patanjali Philosophy Material pdf- Patanjali Notes USPC Philosophy for UPSC Mains Exam 2017 ,Download UPSC Toppers Notes Patanjali Philosophy notes 2017 pdf A team of dedicated professionals are at work to help you! Ambedkar 8) M.N. For example, modern democracies are generally representative, instead of Athens' direct variety leans toward the oppression of majority. Gauba (An introduction to political thought) R.M. He was influential Greek philosopher, scientist, historian, and political theorist. His early efforts in defending and defining the system of justice has gained him fame in the political arena. Therefore, even if the guardians grasp the knowledge, the impact of change on time and space might render their knowledge obsolete. However, his revealing of the truth between right and wrong initiated the notion that justice is demarcated by the act of goodwill, instead of the self-interest of the individual. Consequently, Plato substituted the communal living arrangements of the Republic with private property and permitted citizens a voice in the management of public affairs. “Political Theory: An Introduction” by Rajeev Bhargava and Ashok Acharya, 2 nd edition, Pearson. Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude. On the other hand, when weak people behave in accordance with justice, they are underprivileged, and the strong gain the advantage. THE RISE AND EXTRAORDINARY PERSISTENCE OF THE THEORY OF THE SOCIAL CONTRACT, 11. In brief, Plato indicated that it is beneficial when one practices justice. Political Science Notes. In a just state or society, the rulers and military, the producers all do what they ought to do. Thus, his relationship with Socrates leads him to learn the art of making and shaping his own theories that identify with his own individuality. Western Political Thought: Aristotle In the historical trend of political philosophy, Aristotle made distinct position and contributed a lot through his great ideas. "( Plato, The Republic) In this regard, Plato's philosopher-kings might be very dangerous, for "power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Many Philosophers described Plato as "one of the most dazzling writers in the Western literary tradition and one of the most penetrating, wide-ranging, and influential authors in the history of philosophy." THE AMERICAN ENLIGHTENMENT: JEFFERSON, CRÈVECOEUR, 18. Follow on Instagram for UPSC Memes. These PSIR Notes Are Useful For Students Who Can Not Join Expensive Coaching And Who Are Doing Self Self Preparation , Because These Notes Will Guide You , What To Study And How Depth To Study. CHRISTENDOM AND ITS LAW: ST THOMAS AQUINAS, Part III – Romans and humanists: the reinvention of sovereignty, 8. Politics is too important to be left to guardians. “A History of Political Thought: Plato to Marx” by Subrata Mukherjee and Sushila Ramaswamy. Write an essay note on Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s Political ideas. Is it Justified ? A just state, Plato contended that it is achieved with an eye to the good of the whole. It is appraised that Plato's political philosophy, which emerges from his literatures, has great prominence in the history of western political theory. The books you need while preparing for Political Science Optional in UPSC-CSE and the pros and cons for each of them. (15 Marks) Ques: Power is everywhere-Foucault. The Republic's main contribution to political science emphasised on the role of ideas, values, and ethics in politics. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Political thought is the study of questions about power, justice, rights, law, and other issues pertaining to governance. Socio-political issues exist in a dynamic structure and always face change. He argued that justice is a methodical system and it functions according to the needs of the society and the individual. It is affirmed in the famous remark of Alfred North Whitehead: "the safest characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. 3. Reviewing his contribution to politics, it is observed that in the entire history of political thought, no thinker aroused the admiration, admiration and criticism that Plato did. Plato argued that the rational notion of justice is so powerful that the validity of its political principles is eternal in human history. To summarise, Plato is one of the most prominent figures in Western philosophy. SOCRATES AND PLATO. “Western Political Thought: From Socrates to the age of Ideology” by Brian. Search for: Recent Posts. It has around 350 pages only (2e). Other problematic facet of The Republic is its authoritarian political ideology, which is neither essential nor suitable for realizing Plato's perfect people and ideal city (based on justice and wisdom). We don’t claim to own any of the documents/files/content shared on this platform. LIBERALISM COMES OF AGE: BENTHAM AND JOHN STUART MILL, Follow Us on FBJoin Our Telegram ChannelFollow us on TwitterGet The Hindu DailyIf you have any Material please share with us at upscfreematerials@gmail.com, 21. Plato opined that justice does not consist just adhering to the laws, for it is based on the inner nature of human spirit, it is also to the victory of the stronger over the weaker, for it protects the weaker against the stronger. He was concerned about human life and human soul or human nature, and the real question in it is how to live best in the state within the European intellectual traditions. Click Here to download Political Science UPSC optional PDF Notes Part 3. We here today are sharing ebook for Political Science Optional – History of Western Political Thought. Thus, the introspective facade of reason can never be freed entirely from "participation" in the ruling dimension. George H. Sabine ( Western political theory) Eddy Ashrivatham (Political theory) C.L. Sweta Chowdhury. The discussion of leadership in Western political philosophy has been marked by a durable tension between the expertise and creative possibilities of leadership, on the one hand, and the dangers of leadership, the need to control the exercise of power, on the other. UPSC book: IAS Previous year Papers, UPSC Syllabus, IAS Magazines, Free Current Affairs etc. Another criticism was that power is necessary to interpret knowledge into practice, and only a stronger source of power can liberate people from the pressure of another source of power. ... Western Political Thought A HISTORY OF POLITICAL THOUGHT (PLATO TO MARX) – by Subrata Mukherjee & Sushila Ramaswamy WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT – by O P Gauba. These regimes differ from the ideal reason-based regime (aristocracy), because timocracy is based on spirit, oligarchy on appetite, and democracy on a mixture of these two. Hello friends we hope you are bracing for the upcoming Civil Services Prelim Examination. This content is for PSIR optional members only! GS SCORE Political Science (Western Political Thought & Political Theory) Part 2 -2019-20 by Piyush Chaubey. He excelled in the fields of astrology, geometry and was acquainted with the doctrines of Greek leaders. August 5, 2020 by Akira Arata Leave a Comment. THE SYNTHESIS OF JACOBINISM AND MARXISM-BOLSHEVISM: LENIN, TROTSKY, AND STALIN, Part IX – Reactions to liberalism 3: irrationalism and anti-rationalism, 26. Laxmikant 6th Edition Indian Polity PDF Free 2020, Introduction to Rural Sociology in India Sociology Optional PDF Download, Insights on India’s July 2020 Current Affairs PDF Download, Vajiram And Ravi July Current Affairs 2020: The Recitals. Shubhra Ranjan PSIR Notes PDF 2017. Night Mode; Home; … Western Political Thoughts from Socrates to the Age of Ideology by Brian R. Nelson (Pearson publication). Plato, along with his follower Aristotle has been credited for laying the foundations of Greek political theory on which the western political tradition rests. His last and longest dialogue, the Laws is highly important. We at www.upscfreematerials.org, are working only with the aim of making Education Accessible and Affordable to everyone across the nation. CHRISTIAN COSMOPOLITANISM: ST AUGUSTINE’S CITY OF GOD, 7. Many intellectuals such as John Ruskin (1819-1900) and William Morris (1834-1896) were fascinated by Plato's concern for human perfection and excellence. Aristotle and Socrates also began their philosophical thought from Parmenides, who was known as Parmenides of Elea and lived between 510 and 440 BC. The Republic argues that in order to realize the truth about right and wrong, one must abandon the traditions of the past and start observing justice personally by building up knowledge without resting on traditional philosophies. The major objective of Plato's Political thought was the wellbeing and development of the public. Required fields are marked *. Fifty major political thinkers- Ian Adams and R W Dyson. Western Political Thought: Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, John S. Mill, Marx, Gramsci, Hannah Arendt. Political Science and International Relations, History of Western Political Thought PDF Download Free – Pol Science Optional, History of Western Political Thought Political Science Optional Book Index, History of Western Political Thought Political Science Optional Download, History of Western Political Thought PDF Download Free – Pol Science Optional Download. It is high time you should start practicing the UPSC Prelim test Series of various coaching institutes. View: 25 50 All. Furthermore, he seeks to create harmony through social homogenization. His cataloguing of constitutions is still used in understanding constitutions relatively. Both Voltaire (1694-1778) and Nietzsche (1844-1900) characterized Platonism as the intellectual side of Christianity. Plato's own most conclusive philosophical influences are usually thought to have been Socrates, Parmenides, Heraclitus and Pythagoras, although few of his predecessors' works remain extant and much of what we know about these figures today derives from Plato himself. Firstly, जो उम्मीदवार UPSC, IAS, RAS, SSC and Railway की तैयारी कर रहे है उनके लिये Political Science and International Relations (PSIR) UPSC IAS material for PSIR Shubhra Ranjan madam’s notes Free PDF का Revision करना बेहतर रणनीति साबित होगा. September 10, 2020 Optional Subjects, Sociology (Optional), UPSC Books 0. Your email address will not be published. A History Of Political Thought: Plato … Bruell stated that The Republic presents itself as a thought of justice. Prof: Ernest Barker indicated that justice for Plato is at once a part of human virtue and the bond which joins men together in the states. UPSC IAS सिविल सेवा परीक्षा 2019-20 IAS EXAM Books best prices in India. The Republic, regarding justice, the greatest and most well- known work of Plato, was written in the form of a dialogue, a method of great prominence in clarifying questions and establishing truth. R. Nelson. His emphasis for making, revising, and teaching the laws is a tacit admission that the "royal science" of philosophers must give way to known and settled rules. Political Science (Optional) for UPSC Examination Model Answers, Notes, Mindmaps, Flowcharts. Join Us on Telegram! Therefore, Plato's greatest contribution in politics is his argument that it is basically the partiality that the system of justice incorporates which makes it a powerful system. →The content of the book is extremely good and succinct. As it affects human life, ordinary citizens must be able to intervene to politics and determine their own interests and goals. In fact, the system itself is so prevailing that it can become manipulative in regulating the lives of innocent individuals when such a system rests in the influence of powerful rulers who practice anarchy. Jowet rightly pronounced that Plato as father of philosophy, politics and literary idealism. Furthermore, as the Soviet Union proved, it destroys the citizens' motivation, creativity, and efficiency. For example, as "a male and a female doctor have souls of the same nature," they are equal (Sabine, A History of Political Theory). In contemporary political scenario, Plato and modern social theory has several common issues, such as the importance of the division of labour. As the history of Western political thought politically begins with the name of Aristotle, the history of political thought in Modern India begins with the name of revered Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Western Political Thought for UPSC CSE. MENU MENU. THINKING ABOUT THINKING, AND THE LAPSE INTO DISCOURSES. Although he accepts social class as a result of division of labour, he rejects class warfare and class-based economic disparity. Plato was an influential philosopher and scholar in political realm who lived between 427 and 347 BC. Comment. THE GUARDIANS OF THE STATE AND JUSTICE, 6. Roy. He was a student of Socrates and later made the first known "university," called the Academy. Plato explains cyclical transformations of these regimes in light of the changes in the value structure, thereby stressing the significance of values and ideas on political makeover. Gandhi 7) B.R. He has immense contribution in political theories. IGNOU MA Pol.Science Western Political thought best downloadable material for UPSC and Civil services aspirants for ordering and query call us our no 1204221413 Plato did not present specific methods to solve this spiteful circle and made power subservient to knowledge. … These contributions are very significant presently as the main problem today is the reconciliation of the classical aim of politics to enable human beings to live good and just lives in a political community with the modern demand of social thought, which is to achieve scientific knowledge of the workings of society. 384 - d. 322 BCE), was a Greek philosopher, logician, and scientist. All The Contents Are Covered To The Point … ENLIGHTENMENT AND GOVERNMENT THROUGH LAW: MONTESQUIEU. For Western Political Thought , the book by Brian Nelson is very good. SOCIAL CONTRACT III: THE ROUSSEAUIST VERSION, Part V – Enlightenment and the development of the modern state, 16. LIBERALISM IN MATURITY AND DECLINE: SPENCER, SUMNER AND GREEN, Part VII – Reactions to liberalism 1: Hegel—the state and dialectic, 22. SOCIAL CONTRACT II: THE LOCKIAN VERSION, 13. 3. Additionally, the main basis of a democratic state's bureaucracy-meritocracy-refers to officials selected on merit, which is similar to Plato's notion. A guardianship regime makes it impossible for people to recover their rights from manipulative dictators. Plato was the first to allow women to become rulers and legislators. LOGIN JOIN NOW FREE SAMPLES 1. He also prefigured the famous "mixed" or "balanced" constitution, observing that democracy should be tempered with kingdom. Plato was the first organized political theorist and a study of the western philosophy of tradition begins with his masterwork, the Republic. Nevertheless, as one attempts to explain justice within the context of political discipline, one sees that laws were initially created to bring peace and social order to society. Get Study Material on Mobile. Perhaps only Aristotle (who studied with him), Aquinas and Kant would be generally approved to be of the same rank. The argument in the Republic was conducted in a single room among Socrates. He inspires one to perceive just deeds as more than mere good deeds. His penetrating questions and hypothesis on the relativity of justice is extremely philosophical. Explain the post modernist view of power. The only way out is revolution, which is made all the harder by the systemic brainwashing received in the public schools. Additionally, he asserts upon gender equality, for one's class membership depends only on merit, which, in turn, is based on one's quality of soul and education. In discovering the true nature of justice, Plato mainly dedicates the majority of his works cantering on his concept of morality. Raja Ram Mohan Roy is regarded as the promulgator of the modern age in Indian history. Current Affairs Magazine. The best, rational and righteous, political order, which he proposes, leads to a harmonious agreement of society and allows each of its parts to flourish, but not at the expense of others. The Right to Information Act 2005; Islamic Academy Case 2003; The Delimitation Act 2002; 74th Constitutional Amendment Panchayati Raj 1992; About Governor; Acquisition of Citizenship; … He transformed novel ideas and integrated them skilfully in a political system. In the form of an argument between an Athenian, a Spartan, and a Cretan, Plato outlines the "second-best" state (the "law state") in painstaking detail. Consideration of justice displays that it is the work of the humanistic intellect rather than expose of a universal truth. He was also the ideal political philosopher whose ideas had a thoughtful impact on subsequent political theory. It was one of the premium examples of the dialectical method as stated and first developed by Socrates. It guides you through the entire gambit of the IAS exam starting with notification, eligibility, syllabus, tips, quiz, notes and current affairs. Read More » Neha Bhosle Sociology Optional Notes (AIR-15 CSE-2019) PDF. Political Science Study Material for IAS-Updated for 2020-2021 Changes . He attaches importance to ideas and an intelligence not restricted by custom, instead of material/historical structural factors. A History of Western Political Thought PDF by JS McClelland. Copyright © 2021 CivilServiceIndia.com | Website Development Company : Concern Infotech Pvt. Save. He was the first to articulate and define political ideas within a larger framework of a philosophical idea of Good. LIBERALISM’S SPECIAL ENEMIES: THE CROWD AND ITS THEORISTS, 29. … If you are fresh UPSC Aspirants, we recommend you know about UPSC Prelims and UPSC Mains and also UPSC Optionals for a better understanding of the exam. He considers people as social persons who must live within a complex and interdependent social life. Tweet Share Pin it Comment Insight IAS Prelims 2021 Subject wise Test 5 with Solution PDF; Insight IAS Prelims 2021 Subject wise Test 4 with Solution PDF; Insight IAS Prelims 2021 Subject wise Test 3 with Solution PDF ; at 08:27. We here today are sharing ebook for Political Science Optional – History of Western Political Thought. History of Western Political Thought Political Science Optional Book Index. It makes man good and make him social" Prof. Sabine agreed with above statement and stated that Plato's Justice is a bound which holds the society together. This is an important statement because it demonstrates Plato's argument about the system of justice as a dynamic political philosophy. Though Socrates did not provide a theoretical explanation of the method, he established a precise pattern of dialectical reasoning for others to follow. Home / UPSC Optional Notes / Political Science Optional Notes. It is difficult to find rulers who accept authority not out of personal aspiration but out of fear that they could be "ruled by someone worse than oneself. Plato's involvement to the western political thought is immense. Political Theory and Indian Politics. His work is a major political discovery to the truth of right and wrong. An introduction to political theory- O.P Gauba. Download IAS Political Science booklist. Posted by IAS July 17, 2017 January 4, 2021 Posted in Ethics and Essay Tags: IAS, Political Science, polity, quotes, upsc, Western Political Thoughts 2 Comments on Gramsci, Follower of Marxism – Quotes for Essay and Ethics John Locke Quotes – Use to defend Liberal State and Preserving Democracy . MACHIAVELLI: THE PRINCE AND THE VIRTUOUS REPUBLIC, Part IV – The theory of the social contract, 10. In this course, the educator will be teaching about Theories of different western thinkers. THE LIMITATIONS OF ENLIGHTENMENT: HUME AND BURKE, 20. Political idealism is Plato's ability to western political philosophy. It is high time you should start practicing the UPSC Prelim test Series of various coaching institutes. Correspondingly, Plato's interest in existing institutions and appreciation for imperfect regimes serves as a bond to the more empirical and realistic politics of Aristotle. He placed dialectics in the service of ethics, defining virtue as a basis for traditional and moral change. UPSC CSE - GS. Look no further. A History of Western Political Thought PDF by JS McClelland. Share you material at notesclues@gmail.com GS SCORE Political Science (Western Political Thought & Political Theory) Part 1 -2019-20 by Piyush Chaubey Is it important to be a good human being and accommodating or should we be aggressive and achieve success? A system that categorises people in a three fixed groups (gold, silver, and bronze) denies multiple identities and also results in discrimination. Indian Government and Politics Indian Nationalism: Political Strategies of India’s Freedom Struggle: Constitutionalism to mass Satyagraha, Non-cooperation, Civil Disobedience; Militant and revolutionary movements, Peasant and workers’ movements. He had profound influence on Western philosophy. This book covers some ideologies too. 56 ratings • 10 reviews. Socio-political problems cannot be resolved by surpassing them because ignoring certain facts does not change the outer realism. Plato was the visionary of the dialogue and dialectic forms in philosophy, which originate with him. THE ELITIST CRITIQUE OF DEMOCRACY: PARETO AND MICHELS, 28. Civil Service India is a website dedicated to the Civil Services Exam. In his book, Plato supports instruction and social engineering instead of social contract and agreement. Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude. 2. Paper 2 – Download. In The Republic, Plato explained that the common opinion of justice in the contemporary world is that those who behave unjustly naturally gain power and become rulers and stronger people in society. Your email address will not be published. Paper 1 – Download. His radicalism lies in the fact that his rulers are without comforts and luxuries possessed by men of property. Gandhism alone can be covered in Indian Political Thought. Neha Bhosle Sociology Optional Notes … On the other hand, This Free PDF Notes (rajesh mishra political science book) and western political thought op gauba pdf in hindi is important for various Sarkari exams like UPSC, IAS, RAS, UPPSC, MPPSC, BPSC, SSC CGL, CHSL, CPO, western political thought book by op gauba pdf Notes For State PSC, CTET, Sub inspector, Patwari exam, Revenue office Exams all over India. … He had given it a direction, a basis and a vision. Such a totalitarian system has numerous serious problems, mentioned below: Conversely, Plato's non-democratic opinions include some beneficial factors that are used in modern political systems. (15 Marks) Ques: One is not born, but rather becomes a woman. HEGEL AND THE HEGELIAN CONTEXT OF MARXISM, Part VIII – Reactions to liberalism 2: Socialism, 24. 4.8. A parallel tension is expressed in the stark contrast between a ruler doing whatever he thinks he needs to … William Ebenstein indicated that after twenty three hundred years the Republic "is still match less as an introduction to the basic issues that confront human being as citizens". The Theory of Forms states that, while experience is changing and illusory, ideal forms are static and real. SOCIAL DEMOCRACY: BERNSTEIN AND CROSLAND, 25. Western Political Thought is influential in the formulation of political ideas with respect to administration across the world. His outline of collective households, temporary marriages and common childcare were accepted as essential condition for the liberation of women by the socialist of the 18th and 19th centuries. His understanding of this division, with its vertical and disciplinary structure, also differs from liberal social relations in terms of agreement or social contract (George Sabine, 195). ANCIENT GREEK POLITICAL THOUGHT. SOCIAL CONTRACT I: THE HOBBESIAN VERSION, 12. Ltd. Salient Features of the Indian Constitution, Monthly The modern judiciary system, including a constitutional court and judges, represents the dominance of knowledge's quality over the majority's quantity. He has been labelled as a poet of ideas, a philosopher of beauty and the true founder of the cult of harmonious living. Tags # Notes # Political science # Study Materials8 # Upsc. Comprehensive up-to-date notes & study material on Political Science for various IAS. It extinguishes the private sphere (such as the family), uses restriction to prevent any space for individual freedom, and violates basic human rights. Political Science Optional Notes. In the "second title, Concerning Justice" Plato equates justice with virtue, thus making them equal. His best work is The Republic, and his best known concept is the Theory of Forms. UPSC Political Science Books- Find important books for Political Science Optionals for IAS Mains Examination. September 10, 2020 Optional Subjects, Sociology (Optional), Topper Notes 0. 1. Subhra Ranjan IAS Political Science Optional Handwritten Class Notes-2019-20 (Updated) It contains 6 booklets Notes are legible Covers Paper I & II, These are class notes provided by a student of Shubhra Ranjan IAS These notes are updated upto Nov, 2019 Contents: International Relations Indian Political Thought Western Political Thought Political Theory … These Notes Are Very Useful For UPSC IAS And PCS 2020 Aspirants. His greatest impact was Aristotle, but he influenced Western political thought in numerous ways. Contents: KARL MARX; ANTONIO GRAMSCI THE REINVENTION OF SOVEREIGNTY: MARSILIUS OF PADUA, 9. These PSIR Optional Notes (Political Science And International Relations) Are Extensively And Neatly Handwritten By Shubhra Ranjan Mam. THE MORAL EXCLUSIVENESS OF NATIONALISM: HERDER, 27. Phone : +91 96000 32187 / +91 94456 88445. It is established that The Republic serves to introduce the relativity, the comprehensive reach of Plato's notion of justice. One of the main norms of the Republic is that the right kind of government and politics can be the legitimate object of rigorous scientific thinking rather than the unavoidable product of muddling through fear and faith, indolence and improvisation. Showing 1–12 of 44 results. Indian Government and Politics: Indian Nationalism: Political Strategies of India’s Freedom Struggle: Constitutionalism to mass Satyagraha, Non-cooperation, Civil Disobedience; Militant and revolutionary movements, Peasant and workers’ movements.
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western political thought notes for upsc 2021