In low- and middle-income nations, 13 livestock-related diseases that can affect humans causes up 2.4 billion cases of human illness. The subtle but impactful difference in genetics between humans and animals results in inapplicable research making animal testing needless. Other than being a significant economic resource, the animal has been used to drive happiness and entertainment activities. (image 1.1 and 1.2) Mutagenesis and function disorders. As you can see, certain animals, such as crocodiles, have an amazing ability to fight off infections because of the anti-bodies they naturally have in their blood. The use of animals in scientific testing brings substantial advantages to medical development towards the treatment of human diseases due to their close resemblance to the physical features of … Having an animal as a … In contrast, morphine results in series of mania phases in other species such as mice and cats therefore highlighting the huge differences between species and illustrating that generalising results from different species can be a very serious and intricate issue within the field of research methods.12 Throughout the history of animal testing there have been examples of the serious implications of generalizing results from animal experiments demonstrating the limitations of usefulness and appropriateness within animal research. The research that supports the field … In the Animal world as well, sheep are mostly Gay. Here are the biggest key points to consider. By using this field of medical science and adapt it to human needs, we may eventually be able to put an end to deadly diseases, such as cancer. If one piece or species is removed from that web, no matter how small can lead to big problems that are not easily fixed. Within his experiment, animals performed such behaviors as pecking desks (in pigeons) and pressing control levers (in rats) which then resulted in differential reinforcing or punishing consequences. Looking at these findings, it makes you wonder whether some experimental risks can be more worthwhile, especially if you take a utilitarian approach to the issue, in that a cancer treatment could benefit many more than those who were unfortunate to have suffered first-hand from the effects of thalidomide, which is a considerably smaller number. Creating jobs for humans has moral implications when it is at the expense of animals. Yet this system is unstable and ultimately unsustainable. ( Log Out /  For instance, tick fever, pneumonia, viral diarrhea, rabies, skin lesions, and arthritis are some types of diseases in animals and livestock. An animal’s behaviour when caged in a laboratory, in a very artificial setting, is bound to be very different to the behaviour the animal shows in the wild and in its natural habitat. Language allows for a much greater level of communication both between individuals and across cultures and generations. Artificial insemination as a breeding method for animals and infertility treatment for humans has a long history. Gibbons are believed to have similar communication skills as those of humans. 1 http://www.jneurosci.org/content/27/48/13140.full.pdf, 2 http://www.flyfishingdevon.co.uk/salmon/year2/aggression/aggression.html, 3 http://www.google.co.uk/#hl=en&output=search&sclient=psy-ab&q=DeCoursey+et+all%2C+2000+biological+rhytyms&pbx=1&oq=DeCoursey+et+all%2C+2000+biological+rhytyms&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=3&gs_upl=185l4256l0l4362l20l20l0l0l0l0l255l3275l0.14.5l19l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=5ae18919d85be997&biw=1366&bih=673, 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioning. 11- During cosmetic testing 50% of animals die within 2-3 weeks after experiment. Change ). 1. While there has not been great success with this method of organ transplantation, researchers and scientists did manage to successfully replace parts, such as skin and heart valves. Research using non-human animal subjects is extremely common within many areas of psychology for example; addictive behaviours (Caine et al, 2007)1, aggression (Raleigh et al, 1991)2, biological rhythms (DeCoursey et all, 2000)3, classical conditioning (Pavlov, 1927)4, eating behaviour (Zhang et al, 1994)5 and operant conditioning (Skinner, 1947)6. In biological terms there are significant brain differences between humans and non-human animals. (image 2) Expensive and extensive. Benefits of the Human-Animal Bond Pet Partners was formed based on the knowledge and research that proves that the human-animal bond is a mutually beneficial and dynamic relationship between people and animals that positively influences the health and well-being of both. The first experiments go back to the ancient Greece when insulin has been … In several cases, people have died waiting for a transplant, and this could have been prevented by extending their lives by temporarily using animal organs long enough to finally be able to get transplanted with human organs. Experiments have revealed systematic differences in terms of physiology and psychologically between (and sometimes within) species such as the side effects of drugs, brain sizes and attachment styles. SCIENTIFIC DISADVANTAGES OF ANIMAL TESTING PG.3 and animals metabolize substances and how diseases develop within them. All in all, generalisation from animals to humans can be useful as shown by the effectiveness of behavioural therapies yet it is a very dangerous generalisation to make. Over time, the bipedal nature of humans … ERP has shown to be an effective treatment for OCD with between 60-90% of patients improving from this therapy (Albucher et al, 1998)8. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Besides people who get lost inside the wood depends on hunted animals as a source of food till relief comes. I therefore think that animal studies are very useful, and even though they have different biological make-up to humans the similarities they have with is can help us to further understand the effects of certain treatments/conditions on humans. In other words, generalising the results gained from experimentation from one species to another is extremely difficult, especially findings from animal research onto the human population. This holds both advantages and disadvantages for the bipedal species. This initiated the development of his ground breaking study which involved pairing a bell (neutral stimulus) with the food (an unconditioned stimulus) to produce a salivation response to the bell when presented alone (Pavlov, 1927). With much of our diet coming from animal muscle protein, such a legal structure would change the entire agricultural community and potentially create many more food deserts throughout the world. Petting a dog and sharing its company has been said to lower blood pressure and … Another disadvantage regarding animal testing is the price. Another problem with these markets is that even if you have the money for buying an organ from a willing donor, you are still taking a huge risk, as there are no regulations, no real oversight and the huge possibility that the organ may be diseased, causing your transplant to fail. For example, humans put the efforts to build the wild environment in the lab room and maintain the breed for them. List of Disadvantages of Animal Testing on Cosmetics 1. 4. Such high effective rates (Foa & Kozak, 1996)9 in shaping human behaviour justify generalizing results from animal experiments on to humans. Animals are considered to be protected as long as animals receive minimum amount of suffering. This is the reason why strong anti-rejection drugs are needed when performing xenotransplantation to depress your entire immune system and make sure it does not respond to health threats as it should. 6 Skinner, B. F. (1947). As you can see, organ donors on these markets are being paid with just very small amounts of money by the agents, who are enjoying the largest share of payments. In primates, the neocortex is slightly bigger; however there are significant differences in the proportions in human beings.14 Thus, these differences in neurology suggest that research findings in an animal brain cannot be automatically generalized to human brains. Eliminate Diseases Another greatly beneficial use for genetic engineering is when … Most animals, once the testing process has been completed, are euthanized. Genetic mutations can occur which may reslt in diseases and disorders. Animals may be too big for their legs, have shorter life spans, and there are low survival rates for transgenic aimals. Many theorists have criticized both the practical and methodological procedures of animal research and many refer to the issue of generalizability. 10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hunting Advantages. Using animals in laboratory has well-known along the history. An animal is not a thing, but a being that has the right to quality of a natural way of life. The behavioural theory has been applied to several psychological disorders such as depression, schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). It could satisfy the supply and demand of organs. In addition, humans also attempt to … Or humans just use the animals who have a short reproduction. Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing On Animals 830 Words | 4 Pages. In most cases, organ transplants were not really able to provide a viable solution, as the immunosuppressant drugs that were used to prevent the body from attacking a new organ have led to infections that are potentially fatal in their own right. This makes humans have more surface exposure of the skeletal tissues. Multinational corporations have pushed the earth and animals to the limits, in pursuit of ever-soaring profits. On a final note, always be aware that the results from animal experiments may not be applicable to human behavior as due to language we are much more advanced. In complete contrast, animals have extremely limited cross-cultural transmission between different generations. While animal-to-human infection is uncommon, it has occurred previously. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. The studies that tested Thalidomide using non-human samples such as rats, cats, mice and dogs revealed no harmful effects or signs of toxicity on these subjects and therefore the drug was prescribed to pregnant patients suffering from morning sickness. Throughout our evolutionary history every species has had to adapt to gain survival within their own different civilisations and. Humans have been manipulating plant and animal life since the beginning of our … A similar DNA makeup means that there are various disadvantages to donorship of organs. In short, each species has their own unique behaviours to ensure reproductive success. Due to the initial study involving animals by Pavlov, other researchers have built convincing explanations of human behaviour and behavioral interventions. I noticed you referred to thalidomide, the morning sickness treatment many years ago. They are essential to human survival. We wish to promote the (in other countries as well) growing of awareness, that freedom is also important for an animal. Xenotransplantation has definitely raised a lot of good questions that lean to both the positive and the negative sides. Studies have shown that mice and rats have a smaller neocortex to brainstem volume ratio. While it is highly accepted to use animal organs as another process in producing food, growing animals just for organ harvesting, disregarding their meat, would be a moral issue that society tends to hold. Being in the presence of animals, especially canines, has many benefits. 2. It has been snatched from its natural home in the wild, where it had learned to thrive and forced to live with humans. An excellent post! It risks shorter life spans of animal organs. This practice has been in place … The human-animal bond is a unique interaction. 1. Animals that are born to live in a tough aggressive environment find it difficult to stay in this environment along with humans. The disadvantage with animal rights is that it equates animal life with human life.